Assessment of intraocular foreign body using high resolution 3D ultrasound imaging.

Ocular trauma often involves intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) that pose challenges in accurate diagnosis due to their size, shape, and material composition. In this study, we proposed a novel whole-eye 3D ophthalmic ultrasound B-scan (3D-UBS) system for automating image acquisition and improved 3D visualization, thereby improving sensitivity for detecting IOFBs. 3D-UBS utilizes 14 MHz Clarius L20 probe, a motorized translation stage, and a surgical microscope for precise placement and movement. The system's 3D point spread function (PSF) is 0.377 × 0.550 × 0.894 mm characterized by the full-width at half-maximum intensity values in the axial, lateral and elevation directions. Digital phantom and ex vivo ocular models were prepared using four types of IOFBs (i.e., plastic, wood, metal, and glass). Ex vivo models were imaged with both 3D-UBS and clinical computed tomography (CT). Image preprocessing was performed on 3D-UBS images to remove uneven illumination and speckle noise. Multiplanar reformatting in 3D-UBS provides optimal plane selection after acquisition, reducing the need for a trained ultrasonographer. 3D-UBS outperforms CT in contrast for wood and plastic, with mean contrast improvement of 2.43 and 1.84 times, respectively. 3D-UBS was able to identify wood and plastic IOFBs larger than 250 µm and 300 in diameter, respectively. CT, with its wider PSF, was only able to detect wood and plastic IOFBs larger than 600 and 550 µm, respectively. Although contrast was higher in CT for metal and glass IOFBs, 3D-UBS provided sufficient contrast to identify those. 3D-UBS provides an easy-to-use, non-expert imaging approach for identifying small IOFBs of different materials and related ocular injuries at the point of care.