Environmental Factors Modulate Saxitoxins (STXs) Production in Toxic Dinoflagellate : An Updated Review of STXs and Synthesis Gene Aspects.

The marine dinoflagellate is known to form harmful algal blooms (HABs) and produces saxitoxin (STX) and its derivatives (STXs) that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans. Cell growth and cellular metabolism are affected by environmental conditions, including nutrients, temperature, light, and the salinity of aquatic systems. Abiotic factors not only engage in photosynthesis, but also modulate the production of toxic secondary metabolites, such as STXs, in dinoflagellates. STXs production is influenced by a variety of abiotic factors; however, the relationship between the regulation of these abiotic variables and STXs accumulation seems not to be consistent, and sometimes it is controversial. Few studies have suggested that abiotic factors may influence toxicity and STXs-biosynthesis gene () regulation in toxic , particularly in , , and . Hence, in this review, we focused on STXs production in toxic with respect to the major abiotic factors, such as temperature, salinity, nutrients, and light intensity. This review informs future research on more genes involved in STXs production in relation to the abiotic factors in toxic dinoflagellates.