The influence of sex, hemoglobin mass, and skeletal muscle characteristics on cycling critical power.

Critical power (CP) represents an important threshold for exercise performance and fatiguability. We sought to determine the extent to which sex, hemoglobin mass (Hb), and skeletal muscle characteristics influence CP. Before CP determination (i.e., 3-5 constant work rate trials to task failure), Hb and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (τ) were measured and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsy samples were collected from 12 females and 12 males matched for aerobic fitness relative to fat-free mass (FFM) [means (SD); V̇o: 59.2 (7.7) vs. 59.5 (7.1) mL·kg·FFM·min, respectively]. Males had a significantly greater CP than females in absolute units [225 (28) vs. 170 (43) W; = 0.001] but not relative to body mass [3.0 (0.6) vs. 2.7 (0.6) W·kg·BM; = 0.267] or FFM [3.6 (0.7) vs. 3.7 (0.8) W·kg·FFM; = 0.622]. Males had significantly greater ' ( ≤ 0.030) and greater Hb ( ≤ 0.016) than females, regardless of the normalization approach; however, there were no differences in mitochondrial protein content ( = 0.375), τ ( = 0.603), or MHC I proportionality ( = 0.574) between males and females. Whether it was expressed in absolute or relative units, CP was positively correlated with Hb (0.444 ≤ ≤ 0.695; < 0.05), mitochondrial protein content (0.413 ≤ ≤ 0.708; < 0.05), and MHC I proportionality (0.506 ≤ ≤ 0.585; < 0.05), and negatively correlated with τ when expressed in relative units only (-0.588 ≤ ≤ -0.527; < 0.05). Overall, CP was independent of sex, but variability in CP was related to Hb and skeletal muscle characteristics. The extent to which manipulations in these physiological parameters influence CP warrants further investigation to better understand the factors underpinning CP. In males and females matched for aerobic fitness [maximal oxygen uptake normalized to fat-free mass (FFM)], absolute critical power (CP) was greater in males, but relative CP (per kilogram body mass or FFM) was similar between sexes. CP correlated with hemoglobin mass, mitochondrial protein content, myosin heavy chain type I proportion, and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. These findings demonstrate the importance of matching sexes for aerobic fitness, but further experiments are needed to determine causality.