A responsive nanoplatform with molecular and structural imaging capacity for assisting accurate diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis.

Accurate early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and prompt implementation of appropriate treatment approaches are crucial. In the clinic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been recommended for implementation to aid in the precise and early diagnosis of RA. However, they are still limited by issues regarding specificity and their ability to capture comprehensive information about the pathological features. Herein, a responsive multifunctional nanoplatform with targeting capabilities (hMnO-IR@BSA-PEG-FA) is constructed through integrating a RA microenvironment-responsive MRI contrast agent with activatable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging, aiming to simultaneously acquire comprehensive pathological features of RA from both structural and molecular imaging perspectives. Moreover, taking advantage of its targeting function to synovial microphages, hMnO-IR@BSA-PEG-FA demonstrated a remarkable capability to accumulate effectively at the synovial tissue. Additionally, hMnO responded to the mild acidity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the RA microenvironment, leading to the controlled release of Mn ions and IR780, which separately caused special MRI contrast enhancement of synovial tissues and sensitively demonstrated the presence of ROS and weakly acid microenvironment by NIR imaging. Consequently, hMnO-IR@BSA-PEG-FA is expected to serve as a promising nanoplatform, offering valuable assistance in the precise diagnosis of early-stage RA by specially providing comprehensive information about the pathological features.