The hippocampus and implicit memory.

The traditional memory-systems view is that explicit (conscious) long-term memory is associated with the hippocampus and implicit (nonconscious) memory is associated with non-hippocampal brain regions. This special issue of focuses on whether the hippocampus is associated with implicit memory. An empirical fMRI paper by Miller, Kennard, Gowland, Antoniades, and Rosenthal (this issue) evaluated recognition memory performance of autobiographical amnesia patients with bilateral damage to hippocampal sub-region CA3 and found they had greater than chance recognition memory performance for spatial sequence learning, spatial item learning-same location, and non-spatial item learning, but chance performance for non-spatial sequence learning and spatial item learning-different location. These results are at odds with the view that the hippocampus is generally involved in sequence learning and complex event recognition. A discussion paper by Steinkrauss and Slotnick (this issue) considered whether fMRI studies have provided evidence that the hippocampus is associated with implicit memory. It was argued that all previous studies have been confounded by explicit memory, attentional states, stimuli, or novelty. This discussion paper is followed by commentaries from Hannula (this issue), Henke and Ruch (this issue), Rosenthal (this issue), Spaak (this issue), Thakral et al. (this issue), and Züst (this issue). The articles in this special issue illustrate that the association between the hippocampus and implicit memory is under active investigation and debate. It is hoped that the evidence and discourse in this issue will provide directions for future research.