At the turn of the twentieth century, Russian imperial officials hoped to transform the Kazakh Steppe from a zone of pastoral nomadism into a zone of sedentary grain farms. They planned to accomplish this transformation by importing peasants from European Russia and settling them in the steppe along with advanced scientific agricultural practices, equipment, and infrastructure. It was a project that linked steppe settlement and the Russian Empire to a global story of settler colonialism, science, and technology in the first decades of the twentieth century. An examination of this project through the lens of the expansion of grain farming reveals that the changes it wrought were not solely due to European science and technology but were contingent, dependent on local knowledge, the vagaries of climate, and adaptation to the realities of the steppe environment.
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"The soul that goes to the doctors does not live:" disease and illness among nineteenth-century Russian peasants.
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Leading scientific researcher, Ural Federal University. Yekaterinburg - Russian Federation
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S. I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 14, Baltiyskaya ul., Moscow 125315, Russian Federation. Electronic address:
In 1903, a female student named Zhozefina Kossko-Sudakevich was officially accepted into the Moscow Agricultural Institute, marking the first instance of such admission in the history of the Russian Empire. In 1909, she achieved another historic milestone by becoming the first Russian woman to graduate in agronomy. Since the late nineteenth century, there have been many within Russian society who have advocated for increased opportunities in higher agricultural education for women.
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