Infective endocarditis is rare in patients with hematologic malignancy and neutropenia.

Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious complication of bloodstream infections (BSIs) that occurs at variable rates depending on the pathogen and clinical setting. There is a paucity of data describing the risk of IE in patients with hematologic malignancy who develop bacteremia while neutropenic.

Methods: Adult patients on the hematology ward from January 2018 to December 2020 with hematologic malignancy and bacteremia were evaluated retrospectively for endocarditis by applying the 2023 Duke-ISCVID criteria. Charts of possible cases were evaluated 90 days after the initial BSI for new infectious complications that could indicate missed IE. Descriptive statistics compared patients admitted for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to those admitted for alternative reasons (non-HSCT).

Results: Among the 1005 positive blood cultures initially identified, there were 66 episodes in 65 patients with hematologic malignancy and at least grade 3 neutropenia for a mean duration of 11.4 days during their admission. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed in 34.8% of BSIs, and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in 6.1%. There were no new infectious complications in possible cases 90 days after their initial BSI. No cases of endocarditis were identified.

Conclusions: Endocarditis is rare amongst patients with hematologic malignancy, bacteremia, and neutropenia, and no cases were identified in this cohort. The use of routine TTE in this setting seems unwarranted, and the addition of TEE is unlikely to improve patient-centered outcomes.