Gapless Neutron Superfluidity Can Explain the Late Time Cooling of Transiently Accreting Neutron Stars.

The current interpretation of the observed late time cooling of transiently accreting neutron stars in low-mass x-ray binaries during quiescence requires the suppression of neutron superfluidity in their crust at variance with recent ab initio many-body calculations of dense matter. Focusing on the two emblematic sources KS 1731-260 and MXB 1659-29, we show that their thermal evolution can be naturally explained by considering the existence of a neutron superflow driven by the pinning of quantized vortices. Under such circumstances, we find that the neutron superfluid can be in a gapless state in which the specific heat is dramatically increased compared to that in the classical BCS state assumed so far, thus delaying the thermal relaxation of the crust. We perform neutron-star cooling simulations taking into account gapless superfluidity, and we obtain excellent fits to the data, thus reconciling astrophysical observations with microscopic theories. The imprint of gapless superfluidity on other observable phenomena is briefly discussed.