Mutual inhibition effects of elevated CO and climate change on global forest GPP.

The impact of CO fertilization on enhancing global forest gross primary productivity (GPP) is acknowledged, but its interaction with climate factors-air temperature (Tem), precipitation (Pre), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and radiation (Rad)-remains unclear. In this study, global forest GPP trends from 1982 to 2018 were examined using BEPS, NIRv, FLUXCOM, and revised EC-LUE datasets, with interannual trends of 5.618 (p < 0.01), 5.831 (p < 0.01), 0.227, and 6.566 g C m yr (p < 0.01), respectively. Elevated CO was identified as the primary driver of GPP trends, with the dominant area ranging from 51.11% to 90.37% across different GPP datasets. In the NIRv and revised EC-LUE datasets, the positive impact of CO on GPP showed a decrease of 0.222 g C m yr, while the negative impact of Rad increased by 0.007 g C m yr. An inhibitory relationship was found between the actual effects of elevated CO and climate change on GPP in most forest types. At lower latitudes, Tem primarily constrained CO fertilization, while at higher latitudes, VPD emerged as the key limiting factor. This was mainly attributed to the potential trade-off or competition between elevated CO and climate change in influencing GPP, with strategic resource allocation varying across different forest ecosystems. This study highlights the significant inhibitory effects of elevated CO and climate change on global forest GPP, providing insights into the dynamic responses of forest ecosystems to changing environments.