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Histologic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic differences in fir trees from a peri-urban forest under chronic ozone exposure. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • - Urbanization, particularly air pollution from ozone (O), has negatively impacted urban forests, especially fir forests near Mexico City since the 1970s, leading to the decline of these ecosystems and raising concerns about their survival.
  • - A study compared young symptomatic and asymptomatic fir trees exposed to varying levels of ozone, finding that asymptomatic trees had thicker epidermis and higher terpene concentrations, suggesting healthier responses to the pollution.
  • - The research highlights significant genetic variation and phenotypic responses among trees, providing insights into ozone tolerance and potential strategies for forest restoration in urban areas.

Article Abstract

Urbanization modifies ecosystem conditions and evolutionary processes. This includes air pollution, mostly as tropospheric ozone (O), which contributes to the decline of urban and peri-urban forests. A notable case are fir () forests in the peripheral mountains southwest of Mexico City, which have been severely affected by O pollution since the 1970s. Interestingly, some young individuals exhibiting minimal O-related damage have been observed within a zone of significant O exposure. Using this setting as a natural experiment, we compared asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals of similar age (≤15 years old;  = 10) using histologic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic approaches. Plants were sampled during days of high (170 ppb) and moderate (87 ppb) O concentration. Given that there have been reforestation efforts in the region, with plants from different source populations, we first confirmed that all analyzed individuals clustered within the local genetic group when compared to a species-wide panel (Admixture analysis with ~1.5K SNPs). We observed thicker epidermis and more collapsed cells in the palisade parenchyma of needles from symptomatic individuals than from their asymptomatic counterparts, with differences increasing with needle age. Furthermore, symptomatic individuals exhibited lower concentrations of various terpenes (ß-pinene, ß-caryophylene oxide, α-caryophylene, and ß-α-cubebene) than asymptomatic trees, as evidenced through GC-MS. Finally, transcriptomic analyses revealed differential expression for 13 genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, plant defense, and gene regulation. Our results indicate a rapid and contrasting phenotypic response among trees, likely influenced by standing genetic variation and/or plastic mechanisms. They open the door to future evolutionary studies for understanding how O tolerance develops in urban environments, and how this knowledge could contribute to forest restoration.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11091488PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11343DOI Listing

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