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K1 channels enable myelinated axons to transmit spikes reliably without spiking ectopically.
J Neurosci
January 2025
Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Action potentials (spikes) are regenerated at each node of Ranvier during saltatory transmission along a myelinated axon. The high density of voltage-gated sodium channels required by nodes to reliably transmit spikes increases the risk of ectopic spike generation in the axon. Here we show that ectopic spiking is avoided because K1 channels prevent nodes from responding to slow depolarization; instead, axons respond selectively to rapid depolarization because K1 channels implement a high-pass filter.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMedical Student Musculoskeletal Knowledge: Examining the Impact and Value of an Orthopaedic Surgery Clerkship Using the Freedman and Bernstein Examination.
BMC Med Educ
January 2025
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, 2nd Floor, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
Purpose: Given the importance of musculoskeletal knowledge but the limited orthopaedic instruction offered in medical school, our Orthopaedic Surgery Department developed a three-week clerkship for interested students. This study assesses the clerkship's impact on medical student musculoskeletal knowledge through administration of the Freedman and Bernstein Basic Cognitive Musculoskeletal Examination.
Methods: Medical students enrolled in the orthopaedic surgery clerkship between February 2019 and May 2024 were asked to participate in pre- and post-clerkship surveys using the Freedman and Bernstein Basic Cognitive Musculoskeletal Examination.
We propose an alternative data-free deep learning method using a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to enable more efficient computation of light diffraction from 3D optical metasurfaces, modeling of corresponding polarization effects, and wavefront manipulation. Our model learns only from the governing physics represented by vector Maxwell's equations, Floquet-Bloch boundary conditions, and perfectly matched layers (PML). PINN accurately simulates near-field and far-field responses, and the impact of polarization, meta-atom geometry, and illumination settings on the transmitted light.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMeasurement of multidifferential cross sections for dijet production in proton-proton collisions at .
Eur Phys J C Part Fields
January 2025
A measurement of the dijet production cross section is reported based on proton-proton collision data collected in 2016 at by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 36.3 . Jets are reconstructed with the anti- algorithm for distance parameters of and 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA reconfigurable entanglement distribution network suitable for connecting multiple ground nodes with a satellite.
EPJ Quantum Technol
January 2025
Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Ontario Canada.
Satellite-based quantum communication channels are important for ultra-long distances. Given the short duration of a satellite pass, it can be challenging to efficiently connect multiple users of a city-wide network while the satellite is passing over that area. We propose a network with dual-functionality: during a brief satellite pass, the ground network is configured as a multipoint-to-point topology where all ground nodes establish entanglement with a satellite receiver.
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