Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the histomorphometric and immunohistochemical impacts of vitamin K2 on guided bone regeneration (GBR) in calvarial critical-size defects (CSDs) in diabetic rats.
Methods: A total of 30 rats were used in this study, comprising 12 non-diabetic (control) rats and 18 with streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced experimental Diabetes mellitus (DM). In all rats, two calvarial CSDs were created: one defect was left empty (E), the other was treated with bovine-derived bone graft and collagen-based resorbable membrane (GM). Study groups were as follows: control rats administered saline (n = 6, C-E and C-GM groups) or vitamin K2 (n = 6, CK-E and CK-GM groups) and diabetic rats administered saline (n = 6, DM-E and DM-GM groups) or vitamin K2 (n = 6, DMK-E and DMK-GM groups). After 4 weeks of saline or vitamin K2 administration, the rats were euthanized. Bone defect healing and new bone formation were assessed histomorphometrically, and osteocalcin and osteopontin levels were examined immunohistochemically.
Results: Percentage of new bone formation was greater in CK-GM vs. CK-E and in DMK-GM vs. DMK-E [d = 3.86 (95% CI = 16.38-28.61), d = 1.86, (95% CI = 10.74-38.58), respectively, p < .05]. Bone defect healing scores were higher in CK-GM vs. CK-E and in DMK-GM vs. DMK-E [d = 2.69 (95% CI = -2.12 to -0.87), d = 3.28 (95% CI = 0.98-1.91), respectively, p < .05]. Osteocalcin expression levels were elevated in CK-GM vs. CK-E, in DMK-GM vs. DMK-E [d = 1.19 (95% CI = 0.08-1.41), d = 1.10 (95% CI = 0.02-1.22), respectively p < .05]. Vitamin K2 enhanced osteocalcin expression levels in DMK-E vs. DM-E [d = 2.78, (95% CI = 0.56-1.53), p < .05] and in DMK-GM vs. DM-GM [d = 2.43, (95% CI = 0.65-2.10), p < .05]. Osteopontin expression was enhanced in defects treated with GM vs. E defects [C-GM vs. C-E, d = 1.56 (95% CI = 0.38-2.01); CK-GM vs. CK-E, d = 1.91 (95% CI = 0.49-1.72); DM-GM vs. DM-E, d = 2.34 (95% CI = -1.12 to -0.50); DMK-GM vs. DMK-E, d = 2.00 (95% CI = 0.58-1.91), p < .05].
Conclusion: The research findings suggest that administering vitamin K2 in GBR for rats with DM favorably impacts bone healing in CSDs, presenting an adjunctive strategy for bone regeneration.
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