Optimizing Oxygen Delivery by Low-Flow Nasal Cannula to Small Infants: A Bench Study.

Background: In infants treated with a low-flow nasal cannula (LFNC), the oxygen concentration delivered to the lungs (i.e., the effective FiO) is difficult to estimate. The existing mathematical formulas rely on important assumptions regarding the values of respiratory parameters and, thus, may be inaccurate. We aimed to assess oxygen delivery by LFNC to small infants using realistic simulations on a mechanical breathing model.

Methods: A mechanical breathing simulator (infant upper-airway replica, single-space breathing compartment, electric motor, microcontroller) was developed. Breathing simulations ( = 1200) were performed at various tidal volume (VT), inspiratory time (Ti), and respiratory rate (RR) combinations and different cannula flows.

Results: Minute ventilation (MV) was the most significant predictor of effective FiO. FiO was higher at lower VT and higher Ti values. Benaron and Benitz's formula underestimated the effective FiO at lower MV values, while Finer's formula significantly overestimated it. A set of predictive FiO charts was developed based on cannula flow, infant body weight, and RR.

Conclusions: The effective FiO delivered by LFNC to small infants critically depends on VT, Ti, and RR. However, since VT and Ti values are not available in clinical practice, the existing mathematical formulas may be inaccurate. Our novel predictive FiO charts could assist in optimizing oxygen delivery by LFNC using easy-to-obtain parameters, such as infant body weight and RR.