Acyclovir eco-geno-toxicity in freshwater organisms.

This study explores the eco-geno-toxic impact of Acyclovir (ACV), a widely used antiviral drug, on various freshwater organisms, given its increasing detection in surface waters. The research focused on non-target organisms, including the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata, the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, the cladoceran crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia, and the benthic ostracod Heterocypris incongruens, exposed to ACV to assess both acute and chronic toxicity. The results indicate that while acute toxicity occurs at environmentally not-relevant concentrations, a significant chronic toxicity for C. dubia (EC = 0.03 µg/L, NOEC = 0.02·10 µg/L), highlighted substantial environmental concern. Furthermore, DNA strand breaks and reactive oxygen species detected in C. dubia indicate significant increase at concentrations exceeding 200 µg/L. Regarding environmental risk, the authors identified chronic exposures to acyclovir causing inhibitory effects on reproduction in B. calyciflorus at hundreds of µg/L and hundredths of µg/L for C. dubia as environmentally relevant environmental concentrations. The study concludes by quantifying the toxic and genotoxic risks of ACV showing a chronic risk quotient higher than the critical value of 1and a genotoxic risk quotient reaching this threshold, highlighting the urgent need for a broader risk assessment of ACV for its significant implications for aquatic ecosystems.