Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Lipids are key factors in regulating membrane fusion. Lipids are not only structural components to form membranes but also active catalysts for vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release, which are driven by soluble -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. SNARE proteins seem to be partially assembled before fusion, but the mechanisms that arrest vesicle fusion before Ca influx are still not clear. Here, we show that phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP) electrostatically triggers vesicle fusion as an electrostatic catalyst by lowering the hydration energy and that a myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), a PIP-binding protein, arrests vesicle fusion in a vesicle docking state where the SNARE complex is partially assembled. Vesicle-mimicking liposomes fail to reproduce vesicle fusion arrest by masking PIP, indicating that native vesicles are essential for the reconstitution of physiological vesicle fusion. PIP attracts cations to repel water molecules from membranes, thus lowering the hydration energy barrier.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c09614 | DOI Listing |
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