Framework development for the physical vulnerability assessment index of hand-dug Wells in Are-Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria.

The article presents a comprehensive framework for assessing the physical vulnerability of hand-dug wells within the Are Community, Southwestern Nigeria. The study spans from March to April 2023 and meticulously examines 90 wells, focusing on critical parameters such as well collar, well cover, and well lining information. The analysis reveals significant variations in well collar construction materials and dimensions, emphasizing the community's adaptive strategies. The Well Collar Height Index (WCi), Well Cover Index (WCOi), Well Lining Index (WLi), and the derived Vulnerability Index categorize wells into vulnerability classes, offering a nuanced understanding of susceptibility levels. Notably, the study identifies wells with Very High vulnerability that demand urgent attention, as well as wells with effective protective measures categorized as Very Low vulnerability. The article emphasizes the need for a nuanced understanding of local practices and materials, highlighting the variability in well collar construction. It discusses the implications of well cover conditions and the critical role of well linings in assessing groundwater vulnerability. The Vulnerability Index combines these parameters, guiding targeted interventions based on risk severity. The study lays the groundwork for future interventions to enhance the safety and sustainability of water sources within the Are Community. It recommends immediate comprehensive measures for highly vulnerable wells, ongoing monitoring, community engagement, and knowledge sharing. The future scope includes incorporating geochemical analysis, targeted interventions, regular maintenance, community training, and exploring alternative water sources for sustainable improvements.