Automated HO monitoring during photo-Fenton processes using an Arduino self-assembled automatic system.

A cheap and easy to use Arduino self-assembled automatic system was employed to continuously monitor the hydrogen peroxide consumption during the photo-Fenton degradation of caffeine, selected as model target compound. The automatic system made it possible to measure the HO concentration in the reaction cell via a colorimetric reaction and to take samples for HPLC analysis minimising the operator manual intervention and exposure to UV radiation. The obtained results were compared in terms of LOD and LOQ with HO measurements manually performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, evidencing better analytical performance when using the automatic system; LOD and LOQ were respectively 0.032 mM and 0.106 mM for the automatic system against 0.064 mM and 0.213 mM for UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Furthermore, the photo-Fenton treatment was optimised by means of a Design of Experiments (DoE) investigating the effect of added HO concentration, iron concentration and caffeine initial concentration on system performances. The use of the automatic device for such monitoring provided several advantages: automation (with consequent reduction of the workload), measurement increased precision, reduced reagents consumption and waste production in agreement with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry.