Biological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, .

The increased consumption of pesticides can have a negative environmental impact by increasing the essential metals to toxic levels. Bordasul® is a commonly used fungicide in Brazil and it is composed of 20% Cu, 10% sulfur, and 3.0% calcium. The study of fungicides in non-target model organisms can predict their environmental impact more broadly. The is a unique model due to its ease of handling and maintenance. Here, the potential toxicity of Bordasul® was investigated by assessing the development, survival, and behavior of exposed flies. Exposure to Bordasul® impaired the development ( < 0.01) and caused a significant reduction in memory retention ( < 0.05) and locomotor ability ( < 0.001). Fungicides are needed to assure the world's food demand; however, Bordasul® was highly toxic to . Therefore, Bordasul® may be potentially toxic to non-target invertebrates and new environmentally-safe biofertilizers have to be developed to preserve the biota.