Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
There is a significant burden of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in the end-stage kidney disease population, driven by traditional and non-traditional risk factors. Despite its prevalence, heart failure is difficult to diagnose in the dialysis population due to overlapping clinical presentations, limitations of investigations, and the impact on the cardiorenal axis. 'Foundation therapies' are the key medications which improve patient outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and include beta-blockers, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. They are underutilised in the dialysis population due to the exclusion of chronic kidney disease patients from major trials and legitimate clinical concerns e.g. hyperkalaemia, intradialytic hypotension and residual kidney function preservation. A coordinated cardiorenal multidisciplinary approach can guide appropriate diagnostic considerations (biomarkers interpretation, imaging, addressing unique complications of kidney disease), optimise dialysis management (prescription length, frequency and ultrafiltration targets) and when at euvolaemia facilitate the stepwise introduction of appropriate foundation therapies.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2023.0452 | DOI Listing |
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