Association between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and its chemical constituents and premature death in individuals living with HIV/AIDS.

Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) is associated with an increased total mortality. However, the association of PM with mortality in people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS, PLWHA) and the relationship between its constituents and adverse outcomes remain unknown. In this cohort study, 28,140 PLWHA were recruited from the HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System of the Hubei Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in China between 2001 and 2020. The annual PM chemical composition data, including sulfate (SO), nitrate (NO), ammonium (NH), black carbon (BC), and organic matter (OM), was extracted from the Tracking Air Pollution (TAP) dataset in China. A Cox proportional hazard model with time-varying exposure and time-to-event quantile-based generalized (g) computation was used to assess the associations between PM chemical constituents, and mortality in PLWHA. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model estimated an excess hazard ratio (eHR) of 0.32% [95% confidence interval (CI): (0.01%, 0.64%)] for AIDS-related death (ARD), associated with 1 μg/m rise in PM exposure. An increase of 1 μg/m in NH was associated with 5.13% [95% CI: (2.89%, 7.43%)] and 2.97% [95% CI: (1.52%, 4.44%)] increase in the risk of ARD and all-cause deaths (ACD), respectively. When estimated using survival-based quantile g-computation, the eHR for ARD with a joint change in a decile increase in all five components was 6.10% [95% CI: 3.77%, 8.48%)]. Long-term exposure to PM chemical composition, particularly NH increased the risk of death in PLWHA. This study provides epidemiological evidence that SO and NH increased the risk of ARD and that NH increased the risk of ACD in PLWHA. Multi-constituent analyses further suggested that NH may be a key component in increasing the risk of premature death in patients with HIV/AIDS. Individuals aged ≥65 with HIV/AIDS are more vulnerable to SO, and consequent ACD.