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Introduction: Since the significant breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, the application of AI in bladder cancer has rapidly expanded. AI can be used in all aspects of the bladder cancer field, including diagnosis, treatment and prognosis prediction. Nowadays, these technologies have an excellent medical auxiliary effect and are in explosive development, which has aroused the intense interest of researchers.

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Evolution of drug delivery systems: From 1950 to 2020 and beyond.

J Control Release

February 2022

Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States of America; Purdue University, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America. Electronic address:

Modern drug delivery technology began in 1952 with the advent of the Spansule® sustained-release capsule technology, which can deliver a drug for 12 h after oral administration through an initial immediate dose followed by the remaining released gradually. Until the 1980s, oral and transdermal formulations providing therapeutic durations up to 24 h for small molecules dominated the drug delivery field and the market. The introduction of Lupron Depot® in 1989 opened the door for long-acting injectables and implantables, extending the drug delivery duration from days to months and occasionally years.

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Insights into the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A paradigm in medicine.

J Autoimmun

June 2020

Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Electronic address:

Insights into rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have slowly evolved over the last century, but with breathtaking speed over the last 2 decades. While only aspirin and parenteral gold were available in early 20th century, the efficacy of sulfasalazine, glucocorticoids and methotrexate was established around its middle. Identification of pathogenetic pathways was slow, and until today the role of T-cells is enigmatic, while it is clear that genetics via the shared epitope and other genes as well as environmental factors including the metagenome play major roles.

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The breathtaking truth about breath alcohol readings of zero.

Addict Behav

July 2017

Utrecht University, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Swinburne University, Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Melbourne, Australia.

Introduction: It has been postulated that the hangover state starts when breath alcohol concentration is zero.

Methods: Data from 2 studies that assessed ethanol in breath, blood and urine were compared.

Results: The data revealed that ethanol may still be present in the blood and urine during the hangover state, despite breath analyser readings of zero.

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