Nitrogen dioxide exposure, health outcomes, and associated demographic disparities due to gas and propane combustion by U.S. stoves.

Gas and propane stoves emit nitrogen dioxide (NO) pollution indoors, but the exposures of different U.S. demographic groups are unknown. We estimate NO exposure and health consequences using emissions and concentration measurements from >100 homes, a room-specific indoor air quality model, epidemiological risk parameters, and statistical sampling of housing characteristics and occupant behavior. Gas and propane stoves increase long-term NO exposure 4.0 parts per billion volume on average across the United States, 75% of the World Health Organization's exposure guideline. This increased exposure likely causes ~50,000 cases of current pediatric asthma from long-term NO exposure alone. Short-term NO exposure from typical gas stove use frequently exceeds both World Health Organization and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency benchmarks. People living in residences <800 ft in size incur four times more long-term NO exposure than people in residences >3000 ft in size; American Indian/Alaska Native and Black and Hispanic/Latino households incur 60 and 20% more NO exposure, respectively, than the national average.