RATA: A novel class A carbapenemase with broad geographic distribution and potential for global spread.

Carbapenem resistance's global proliferation poses a significant public health challenge. The primary resistance mechanism is carbapenemase production. In this study, we discovered a novel carbapenemase, RATA, located on the chromosome of Riemerella anatipestifer isolates. This enzyme shares ≤52 % amino acid sequence identity with other known β-lactamases. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and kinetic assays demonstrated that RATA could hydrolyze not only penicillins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins but also monobactams, cephamycins, and carbapenems. Furthermore, its activity was readily inhibited by β-lactamase inhibitors. Bioinformatic analysis revealed 46 bla-like genes encoding 27 variants in the NCBI database, involving 21 different species, including pathogens, host-associated bacteria, and environmental isolates. Notably, bla-positive strains were globally distributed and primarily collected from marine environments. Concurrently, taxonomic analysis and GC content analysis indicated that bla orthologue genes were predominantly located on the chromosomes of Flavobacteriaceae and shared a similar GC content as Flavobacteriaceae. Although no explicit mobile genetic elements were identified by genetic environment analysis, bla possessed the ability of horizontal transfer in R. anatipestifer via natural transformation. This work's data suggest that RATA is a new chromosome-encoded class A carbapenemase, and Flavobacteriaceae from marine environments could be the primary reservoir of the bla gene.