Management of Huanglongbing of Citrus: Lessons from São Paulo and Florida.

São Paulo, Brazil, and Florida, USA, were the two major orange production areas in the world until Huanglongbing (HLB) was discovered in São Paulo in 2004 and Florida in 2005. In the absence of resistant citrus varieties, HLB is the most destructive citrus disease known because of the lack of effective tools to reduce spread of the vector, (Asian citrus psyllid), and transmission of the associated pathogen, Liberibacter asiaticus. In both countries, a three-pronged management approach was recommended and begun: planting only disease-free nursery trees, effective psyllid control, and removal of all symptomatic trees. In Brazil, these management procedures were continued and improved and resulted in relatively little overall loss of production. In contrast, in Florida the citrus industry has been devastated with annual production reduced by approximately 80%. This review compares and contrasts various cultural and pest management strategies that have been used to reduce infection by the pathogen and increase tolerance of HLB in the main orange-growing regions in the world.