Prognostic significance of tumor budding, desmoplastic reaction, and lymphocytic infiltration in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.

Background: Recent studies have shown that the tumor microenvironment significantly influences the behavior of solid tumors. In this context, Accumulated data suggests that pathological evaluation of tumor budding (TB), desmoplastic reaction (DR), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may be crucial in determining tumor behavior in the gastrointestinal tract. Regarding gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC), although some results suggest that TB and TILs may be effective in determining the course of the disease, the data do not agree. Moreover, very few studies have investigated the relationship between DR and survival. At present, the associations between tumor TB, DR and TILs in GAC patients have not been determined.

Aim: To establish the relationships between TB, DR, and TILs in patients with GAC and to assess their influence on prognosis.

Methods: Our study group comprised 130 patients diagnosed with GAC. The definition of TB was established based on the International TB Consensus Conference. The DR was categorized into three groups according to the level of tumor stroma maturation. The assessment of TILs was conducted using a semiquantitative approach, employing a cutoff value of 5%. The statistical analysis of the whole group and 100 patients with an intestinal subtype of GAC was performed using SPSS version 27.

Results: A significant correlation between peritumoral budding (PTB) and intratumoral budding (ITB) was noted ( = 0.943). Tumors with high PTBs and ITBs had a greater incidence of immature DRs and low TILs ( 0.01). PTB and ITB were associated with histological subtype, lymph node metastasis (LNM), and stage ( 0.01). ITB, PTB, LNM, DR, and stage were significant risk factors associated with poor prognosis. The multivariate Cox regression analysis identified ITB, PTB, and LNM as independent prognostic variables ( 0.05). In intestinal-type adenocarcinomas, a positive correlation between PTB and ITB was noted ( = 0.972). While univariate analysis revealed that LNM, stage, PTB, ITB, and DR were strong parameters for predicting survival ( 0.05), only PTB and ITB were found to be independent prognostic factors ( 0.001).

Conclusion: TB may be a potential prognostic marker in GAC. However, further studies are needed to delineate its role in pathology reporting protocols and the predictive effects of DR and TILs.