Shifts in the microbial community and metabolome in rumen ecological niches during antler growth.

Antlers are hallmark organ of deer, exhibiting a relatively high growth rate among mammals, and requiring large amounts of nutrients to meet its development. The rumen microbiota plays key roles in nutrient metabolism. However, changes in the microbiota and metabolome in the rumen during antler growth are largely unknown. We investigated rumen microbiota (liquid, solid, ventral epithelium, and dorsal epithelium) and metabolic profiles of sika deer at the early (EG), metaphase (MG) and fast growth (FG) stages. Our data showed greater concentrations of acetate and propionate in the rumens of sika deer from the MG and FG groups than in those of the EG group. However, microbial diversity decreased during antler growth, and was negatively correlated with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels. , , and were the dominant bacteria in the liquid, solid, ventral epithelium, and dorsal epithelium fractions. The proportions of , , and increased significantly in the liquid or dorsal epithelium fractions. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the metabolites also changed significantly, revealing 237 significantly different metabolites, among which the concentrations of γ-aminobutyrate and creatine increased during antler growth. Arginine and proline metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism were enhanced. The co-occurrence network results showed that the associations between the rumen microbiota and metabolites different among the three groups. Our results revealed that the different rumen ecological niches were characterized by distinct microbiota compositions, and the production of SCFAs and the metabolism of specific amino acids were significantly changed during antler growth.