AI Article Synopsis
- The study investigates the prevalence and resistance trends of non-gonococcal urethritis in male individuals in Croatia, identifying significant rates of macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in isolated strains.
- Analyzing 8,073 urine samples collected between 2018 and 2023, researchers found a 2.2% infection rate, with macrolide resistance at 60.4% and fluoroquinolone resistance at 19.2%.
- The study highlights the increasing fluoroquinolone resistance over time and emphasizes the need for better resistance testing and treatment strategies to combat the rising antibiotic resistance in this public health issue.
Article Abstract
() poses a significant public health challenge due to its association with non-gonococcal urethritis (particularly in men) and antimicrobial resistance. However, despite the prevalence of infections and the rise in resistance rates, routine testing and surveillance remain limited. This is the first study from Croatia that aimed to assess the prevalence and trends of resistance in strains isolated from male individuals by detecting macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance genes. The study also aimed to explore the factors associated with resistance and changes in resistance patterns over time. Urine samples collected from male individuals in the Zagreb County and northwest region of Croatia between 2018 and 2023 were tested for with the use of molecular methods. Positive samples were subjected to DNA extraction and multiplex tandem polymerase chain reaction (MT-PCR) targeting genetic mutations associated with macrolide ( gene) and fluoroquinolone ( gene) resistance. Of the 8073 urine samples tested from 6480 male individuals (and following the exclusion of repeated specimens), we found that the prevalence of infection was 2.2%. Macrolide resistance was observed in 60.4% of strains, while fluoroquinolone resistance was found in 19.2%. Co-resistance to both antibiotics was present in 18.2% of cases. A statistically significant increase in fluoroquinolone resistance was noted over the study period ( = 0.010), but this was not evident for azithromycin resistance ( = 0.165). There were no statistically significant differences in resistance patterns between age groups, whereas re-testing of patients revealed dynamic changes in resistance profiles over time. The high burden of macrolide resistance and increasing fluoroquinolone resistance underscore the urgent need for comprehensive resistance testing and surveillance programs. The implementation of resistance-guided treatment strategies, along with enhanced access to molecular diagnostics, is pivotal for effectively managing infections.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11049799 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15040470 | DOI Listing |
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