Effects of imidacloprid on the survival and biomarker responses of larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae): a comparative study between indoor and outdoor exposures.

Imidacloprid is a widely used pesticide in agriculture. It is being found in aquatic ecosystems in agricultural regions. This study aimed to evaluate its effects on the survival rates, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and catalase (CAT) responses of larval hoverflies. The larvae were exposed for 3, 7 and 14 days to increasing concentrations of imidacloprid (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 2 mg L) both indoors at a constant temperature of 20 °C and outdoors under varying environmental conditions. The results revealed that indoors and outdoors, the mortality of significantly increased with increasing imidacloprid concentration and duration of exposure. Median lethal concentrations (LC) varied from 0.03 to 0.17 mg L depending on the duration and conditions of exposure. Indoors, AChE activity decreased in all the treatments for all three exposure durations, whereas outdoors the decrease was observed after the short (3-day) and long (14-day) exposure durations. AChE inhibition ranged from 6% to 62% (indoors) and 12% to 62% (outdoors). Variations in CAT activity were observed for both experimental setups, with a decrease outdoors in larvae exposed to 0.5 mg L for 7 days and a gradual dose-dependent increase indoors for exposure lasting 3 and 7 days. This study sheds light on the potential ecological implications of imidacloprid contamination which may cause the decline of aquatic insect populations and pollination rates, leading to disruptions of the food chain and the overall decline of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem health.