Alienation in the Teaching Hospital: How Physician Non-Greeting Behaviour Impacts Medical Students' Learning and Professional Identity Formation.

Introduction: Clinical workplaces offer unrivalled learning opportunities if students get pedagogic and affective support that enables them to confidently participate and learn from clinical activities. If physicians do not greet new students, the learners are deprived of signals of social respect and inclusion. This study explored how physicians' non-greeting behaviour may impact medical students' participation, learning, and professional identity formation in clinical placements.

Methods: We analysed 16 senior Norwegian medical students' accounts of non-greeting behaviours among their physician supervisors in a reflexive thematic analysis of focus group interview data.

Results: The main themes were: A) . Not being met with conduct signalling rapport, such as eye contact, saying hello, using names, or introducing students at the workplace, was perceived as non-greeting, and occurred across clinical learning contexts. B) . Non-greeting was experienced as a rejection that hurt students' social confidence, created distance from the physician group, and could cause avoidance of certain workplace activities or specific medical specialties. C) . Non-greeting triggered avoidance and passivity, reluctance to ask questions or seek help or feedback, and doubts about their suitability for a medical career.

Conclusion: Medical students' accounts of being ignored or treated with disdain by physician superiors upon entering the workplace suggest that unintended depersonalising behaviour is ingrained in medical culture. Interaction rituals like brief eye contact, a nod, a "hello", or use of the student's name, can provide essential affective support that helps medical students thrive and learn in the clinic.