Antimicrobial resistance trends in clinical and in Ethiopia.

Background: Clinicians rely on local antimicrobial resistance pattern data to guide empiric treatment for seriously ill patients when culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results are not immediately available.

Objective: This study aimed to analyse 5-year trends in antimicrobial resistance profiles of and isolates.

Methods: Bacteriology reports from 2017 to 2021 at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute were analysed retrospectively. Isolates were identified using either the VITEK 2 Compact system, the BD Phoenix M50 instrument, or conventional biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using either the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method or the VITEK 2 Compact system and BD Phoenix M50 systems available at the time of testing. The Cochran Armitage trend test was employed to test the significance of antimicrobial resistance trends over time. -values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results: Of the 5382 bacteriology reports examined, 458 (9%) were on and 266 (5%) were on . Both (88%) and (65%) demonstrated high resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. However, both (14%) and (5%) showed lower rates of resistance to carbapenems compared to other antimicrobials. In , resistance to carbapenems (from 0% to 38%; < 0.001) and ciprofloxacin (from 41% to 90%; < 0.001) increased significantly between 2017 and 2021.

Conclusion: Both organisms showed very high resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Additionally, demonstrated a statistically significant rise in ciprofloxacin and carbapenem resistance.

What This Study Adds: This study emphasises the significance of regular reporting of local antimicrobial resistance patterns as this information can guide appropriate empiric therapy and efforts to address antimicrobial resistance issues.