A Mitochondria-Targeted Nitric Oxide Probe for Multimodality Imaging of Macrophage Immune Responses.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial signal molecule closely linked to the biological immune response, especially in macrophage polarization. When activated, macrophages enter a pro-inflammatory state and produce NO, a marker for the M1 phenotype. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype does not produce NO. We developed a mitochondria-targeted two-photon iridium-based complex () probe that can detect endogenous NO and monitor macrophages' different immune response states using various imaging techniques, such as one- and two-photon phosphorescence imaging and phosphorescence lifetime imaging. was used to monitor the immune activation of macrophages in mice. This technology aims to provide a clear and comprehensive visualization of macrophage immune responses.