Monitoring ESBL- in Swiss wastewater between November 2021 and November 2022: insights into population carriage.

Unlabelled: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global health threat, causing millions of deaths annually, with expectations of increased impact in the future. Wastewater surveillance offers a cost-effective, non-invasive tool to understand AMR carriage trends within a population. We monitored extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing (ESBL-) weekly in influent wastewater from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Switzerland (November 2021 to November 2022) to investigate spatio-temporal variations, explore correlations with environmental variables, develop a predictive model for ESBL- carriage in the community, and detect the most prevalent ESBL-genes. We cultured total and ESBL- in 300 wastewater samples to quantify daily loads and percentage of ESBL-. Additionally, we screened 234 ESBL- isolates using molecular methods for the presence of 18 ESBL-gene families. We found a population-weighted mean percentage of ESBL- of 1.9% (95% confidence interval: 1.8-2%) across all sites and weeks, which can inform ESBL- carriage. Concentrations of ESBL- varied across WWTPs and time, with higher values observed in WWTPs serving larger populations. Recent precipitations (previous 24/96 h) showed no significant association with ESBL-, while temperature occasionally had a moderate impact ( < 0.05, correlation coefficients approximately 0.40) in some locations. We identified , , and as the predominant ESBL-gene families. Our study demonstrates that wastewater-based surveillance of culturable ESBL- provides insights into AMR trends in Switzerland and may also inform resistance. These findings establish a foundation for long term, nationally established monitoring protocols and provide information that may help inform targeted public health interventions.

Importance: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat and is commonly monitored in clinical settings, given its association with the risk of antimicrobial-resistant infections. Nevertheless, tracking AMR within a community proves challenging due to the substantial sample size required for a representative population, along with high associated costs and privacy concerns. By investigating high resolution temporal and geographic trends in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing in wastewater, we provide an alternative approach to monitor AMR dynamics, distinct from the conventional clinical settings focus. Through this approach, we develop a mechanistic model, shedding light on the relationship between wastewater indicators and AMR carriage in the population. This perspective contributes valuable insights into trends of AMR carriage, emphasizing the importance of wastewater surveillance in informing effective public health interventions.