Schreckstoff (fear substance) is an alarm signal released by injured fish that induces a fear response. Its chemical nature has long been debated. A new study finds that zebrafish Schreckstoff is composed of at least three components, two of which elicit the fear response only in combination.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.069 | DOI Listing |
J Prof Nurs
March 2025
University at Buffalo School of Nursing, 3435 Main St. (Wende Hall), Buffalo, NY 14214, United States of America; Farmingdale State College Department of Nursing, 2350 Broadhollow Rd. (Gleeson Hall), Farmingdale, NY 11735, United States of America. Electronic address:
While generative artificial intelligence (AI) has been around for many years, it has only recently become available for use by the public. This powerful resource has changed the landscape for higher education and many instructors fear the negative effects it can have on academic integrity and student creativity in the writing process. However, it is certain that AI is here to stay, and it is crucial that educators embrace this technology and teach students to use this resource carefully and wisely.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Med Ethics
March 2025
Institute for Ethics, History and Philosophy of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Informed consent in surgical settings requires not only the accurate communication of medical information but also the establishment of trust through empathic engagement. The use of large language models (LLMs) offers a novel opportunity to enhance the informed consent process by combining advanced information retrieval capabilities with simulated emotional responsiveness. However, the ethical implications of simulated empathy raise concerns about patient autonomy, trust and transparency.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPsychoneuroendocrinology
March 2025
Institution for Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China; Center for Neurogenetics, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China. Electronic address:
Fear is an adaptive response that protects individuals from potential threats, but when excessive, it can lead to mental health disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder. Oxytocin is a neuromodulator whose effects on fear processing have been explored, although research results are inconsistent. Previous research indicates that administering oxytocin before fear acquisition can enhance fear learning, while studies have suggested a potential for reducing fear generalization when oxytocin is given after fear acquisition.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
March 2025
Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel.
Central emotion theories assume that during threatening and dangerous events the human face signals a prototypical, distinct, and universally recognized expression of fear which can be accurately decoded by conspecific perceivers. Due to the importance of fear expressions, an unusually large body of research has been dedicated to exploring their evolutionary origins, neurobiological mechanisms, and clinical significance. However, these studies typically utilize highly recognizable posed actor portrayals presumed to closely resemble the diagnostic physical appearance of real-life fearful faces.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAppl Psychophysiol Biofeedback
March 2025
Brigham Young University, Provo, USA.
Homeostatic balance provides a conceptual foundation for personality, and balance is a key concept in psychotherapy and psychophysiology. For example, both extreme fear and the absence of fear are considered pathological in both psychotherapy and psychophysiology, whereas a moderate, balanced fear response predicts healthier outcomes. In terms of measurement, however, personality is typically measured using a unipolar approach with more extreme scores (typically higher) indicative of better functioning.
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