A two-step item bank calibration strategy based on 1-bit matrix completion for small-scale computerized adaptive testing.

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is a widely embraced approach for delivering personalized educational assessments, tailoring each test to the real-time performance of individual examinees. Despite its potential advantages, CAT�s application in small-scale assessments has been limited due to the complexities associated with calibrating the item bank using sparse response data and small sample sizes. This study addresses these challenges by developing a two-step item bank calibration strategy that leverages the 1-bit matrix completion method in conjunction with two distinct incomplete pretesting designs. We introduce two novel 1-bit matrix completion-based imputation methods specifically designed to tackle the issues associated with item calibration in the presence of sparse response data and limited sample sizes. To demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches, we conduct a comparative assessment against several established item parameter estimation methods capable of handling missing data. This evaluation is carried out through two sets of simulation studies, each featuring different pretesting designs, item bank structures, and sample sizes. Furthermore, we illustrate the practical application of the methods investigated, using empirical data collected from small-scale assessments.