(saffron) is a globally autumn-flowering plant, and its stigmas are the most expensive spice and valuable herb medicine. specialized metabolites, crocins, are biosynthesized in distant species, (eudicot) and (monocot), and the evolution of crocin biosynthesis remains poorly understood. With the chromosome-level genome assembly, we revealed that two rounds of lineage-specific whole genome triplication occurred, contributing important roles in the production of carotenoids and apocarotenoids. According to the kingdom-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis, and functional assays of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), we deduced that the duplication, site positive selection, and neofunctionalization of -specific CCD2 from CCD1 members are responsible for the crocin biosynthesis. In addition, site mutation of CsCCD2 revealed the key amino acids, including I143, L146, R161, E181, T259, and S292 related to the catalytic activity of zeaxanthin cleavage. Our study provides important insights into the origin and evolution of plant specialized metabolites, which are derived by duplication events of biosynthetic genes.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2023.12.013 | DOI Listing |
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Induction of stigma-like structures in saffron (Crocus sativus L.): Exploring factors and metabolite analysis.
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School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, Australia.
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Article Synopsis
- Saffron, derived from Crocus sativus flowers, contains crocin, a compound with potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, although research results have varied.
- A meta-analysis of 13 randomized clinical trials found that crocin supplementation significantly lowered levels of inflammatory markers like CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 while increasing total antioxidant capacity (TAC).
- The most pronounced effects were observed with doses of 30 mg or more per day over at least 12 weeks, though crocin did not significantly impact erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or malondialdehyde (MDA) levels.
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