Characterization of optical fibers doped with nanoparticles for distributed displacement sensing.

High-scattering optical fibers have emerged as a key component in distributed sensing systems, primarily due to their capacity to enhance signal-to-noise ratio. This paper presents an experimental characterization of optical fibers doped with oxide nanoparticles for displacement sensing. They were manufactured using the phase-separation technique and different doping compounds, including calcium, strontium, lanthanum and magnesium. The Rayleigh backscattering (RBS) signatures in time and frequency domains were acquired using an Optical Backscatter Reflectometer (OBR). The maximum representative length, backscattering gain and strain sensitivity were evaluated. The results indicate that the fiber co-doped with magnesium and erbium chlorides offered the best compromise between strain sensitivity (0.96 pm/ ) and maximum length (17 m). For conditions of single and multiple perturbations, strain saturation was reached at ≥7000 μm and <1500 μm, respectively. In addition, the results reveal that, under a condition of variable temperature (30-60 °C), the sensor response becomes significantly nonlinear over length, requiring a technique for temperature cross-sensitivity mitigation that accounts for nonlinearities in sensitivity and hysteresis.