Innovative K-Means based machine learning method for determination of non-uniform image coordinate system in panoramic imaging: a case study with Ladybug2 camera.

Currently, the practical implementations of panoramic cameras range from vehicle navigation to space studies due to their 360-degree imaging capability in particular. In this variety of uses, it is possible to calculate three-dimensional coordinates from a panoramic image, especially using the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) method. There are several types of omnidirectional cameras which can be classified mainly as central and non-central cameras for 360-degree imaging. The central omnidirectional cameras are those which satisfy the single-viewpoint characteristic. Multi-camera systems are usually developed for applications for which two-image stereo vision is not flexible enough to capture the environment surrounding a moving platform. Although the technology based on multi-view geometry is inexpensive, accessible, and highly customizable, multi-camera panoramic imaging systems pose a difficulty in obtaining a single projection center for the cameras. In this study, not only a defining method of the non-uniform image coordinate system is suggested by means of the K-Means algorithm for a single panoramic image, captured with a Ladybug2 panoramic camera in the panoramic calibration room but also the use of an elliptical panoramic projection coordinate system definition by Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) method in panoramic view. The results of the suggested method have been compared with the DLT algorithm for a single panoramic image which defined a conventional photogrammetric image coordinate system.