Neonatal high frequency ventilation: Current trends and future directions.

High frequency ventilation (HFV) in neonates has been in use for over forty years. Some early HFV ventilators are no longer available, but high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and jet ventilators (HFJV) continue to be commonly employed. Advanced HFOV models available outside of the United States are much quieter and easier to use, and are available as options on many conventional ventilators, providing important improvements such as tidal volume measurement and targeting. HFJV excels in treating air leak and non-homogenous lung disease and is often used for other diseases as well. High frequency non-invasive ventilation (hfNIV) is a novel application of HFV that remains under investigation. Similar to bubble CPAP, hfNIV has been applied with a variety of high-frequency ventilators. Efficacy and safety of hfNIV with any device have not yet been established. This article describes the current approaches to these HFV therapies and stresses the importance of understanding how each device works and what disease processes may respond best to the technology employed.