Spatiotemporal characteristics and drivers of ecosystem service interactions in the Dongting Lake Basin.

Uncovering the spatiotemporal features of ecosystem services (ESs) and their intricate interrelations in large lake basins can facilitate the development of scientific management measures for various ESs. Previous studies have focused less on watershed units and their historical dynamics, and the ecosystem service (ES) driving mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we focused on Hunan Province-the main coverage area of the Dongting Lake Basin (China's second largest freshwater lake), investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of seven typical ESs and their interactions, identified the ecosystem service bundle (ESB) historical spatial patterns and revealed the socio-ecological driving mechanisms of these ES changes. Results showed that: (1) the spatial distribution of most ESs remained stable in the basin. Food production (FP), water yield (WY), soil conservation (SC) and net primary productivity (NPP) improved over time, whereas nitrogen retention (NR), habitat quality (HQ) and outdoor recreation (OR) declined; (2) tradeoffs were observed between food production and most ESs, whereas synergistic relationships between all ESs except food production. The tradeoff relationship between food production and water yield increased significantly over time, while the synergistic relationship between water yield and nitrogen retention decreased significantly; (3) five ecosystem service bundles were identified. And the transformation of soil conservation area into integrated ecological regulation area mainly occurred from 2000 to 2020, resulting in an increase in the function of ecological regulation services; (4) natural conditions such as precipitation, topography and vegetation, as well as socio-economic factors such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and population, were key factors affecting ESs. The interactions among most of these drivers can further elucidate the ES changes. Our results emphasize the need for a watershed-based assessment and a historical dynamic perspective in the sustainable management of ESs.