Binding Pattern and Structural Interactome of the Anticancer Drug 5-Fluorouracil: A Critical Review.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) stands as one of the most widely prescribed chemotherapeutics. Despite over 60 years of study, a systematic synopsis of how 5-FU binds to proteins has been lacking. Investigating the specific binding patterns of 5-FU to proteins is essential for identifying additional interacting proteins and comprehending their medical implications. In this review, an analysis of the 5-FU binding environment was conducted based on available complex structures. From the earliest complex structure in 2001 to the present, two groups of residues emerged upon 5-FU binding, classified as P- and R-type residues. These high-frequency interactive residues with 5-FU include positively charged residues Arg and Lys (P type) and ring residues Phe, Tyr, Trp, and His (R type). Due to their high occurrence, 5-FU binding modes were simplistically classified into three types, based on interactive residues (within <4 Å) with 5-FU: Type 1 (P-R type), Type 2 (P type), and Type 3 (R type). In summary, among 14 selected complex structures, 8 conform to Type 1, 2 conform to Type 2, and 4 conform to Type 3. Residues with high interaction frequencies involving the N1, N3, O4, and F5 atoms of 5-FU were also examined. Collectively, these interaction analyses offer a structural perspective on the specific binding patterns of 5-FU within protein pockets and contribute to the construction of a structural interactome delineating the associations of the anticancer drug 5-FU.