Autophagy is one of the major highly inducible degradation processes in response to plant developmental and environmental signals. In response to different stimuli, cellular materials, including proteins and organelles, can be sequestered into a double membrane autophagosome structure either selectively or nonselectively. The formation of an autophagosome as well as its delivery into the vacuole involves complex and dynamic membrane processes. The identification and characterization of the conserved autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and their related regulators have greatly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying autophagosome biogenesis and function in plant cells. Autophagosome biogenesis is tightly regulated by the coordination of multiple ATG and non-ATG proteins and by selective cargo recruitment. This review updates our current knowledge of autophagosome biogenesis, with special emphasis on the core molecular machinery that drives autophagosome formation and autophagosome-organelle interactions under abiotic stress conditions.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koae099 | DOI Listing |
Int J Mol Sci
December 2024
Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes in both Type 1 (T1D) and Type 2 (T2D). While there are no specific medications to prevent or treat DPN, certain strategies can help halt its progression. In T1D, maintaining tight glycemic control through insulin therapy can effectively prevent or delay the onset of DPN.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiochem Biophys Res Commun
December 2024
Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. Electronic address:
The autophagosome is a double-membrane organelle that executes macroautophagy. Previous studies have shown that the autophagosome formation is driven by autophagy-related genes, among which ATG9 is the only conserved transmembrane protein and has been shown to play a critical role in the autophagosome formation. However, how ATG9 binds to the growing autophagosome membrane has remained uncertain.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Cell Physiol
January 2025
Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
The accumulation of misfolded proteins within cells leads to the formation of protein aggregates that disrupt normal cellular functions and contribute to a range of human pathologies, notably neurodegenerative disorders. Consequently, the investigation into the mechanisms of aggregate formation and their subsequent clearance is of considerable importance for the development of therapeutic strategies. The clearance of protein aggregates is predominantly achieved via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, a process known as aggrephagy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Cell Biol
February 2025
Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Canonical autophagy captures within specialized double-membrane organelles, termed autophagosomes, an array of cytoplasmic components destined for lysosomal degradation. An autophagosome is completed when the growing phagophore undergoes ESCRT-dependent membrane closure, a prerequisite for its subsequent fusion with endolysosomal organelles and degradation of the sequestered cargo. ATG9A, a key integral membrane protein of the autophagy pathway, is best known for its role in the formation and expansion of phagophores.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAutophagy
January 2025
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
Viral proteases play critical roles in the host cell and immune remodeling that allows virus production. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) papain-like protease (PLpro) encoded in the large nonstructural protein 3 (Nsp3) also possesses isopeptidase activity with specificity for ubiquitin and ISG15 conjugates. Here, we interrogated the cellular interactome of the SARS-CoV-2 PLpro catalytic domain to gain insight into the putative substrates and cellular functions affected by the viral deubiquitinase.
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