Computer-Assisted Morphometric Comparative Analysis of Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Regions (AgNORs) in Leukoplakia With Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral leukoplakia (OL) with dysplasia are closely linked conditions in the oral cavity, with the latter often indicating precancerous changes, underscoring the urgency of early detection and intervention. Histopathological confirmation is crucial for accurate diagnosis. The nucleolar organizer region (NOR), specifically analyzed through silver-staining (argyrophilic NORs), provides insights into nuclear changes associated with the lesion. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis enhances precision and objectivity in evaluating AgNOR-related parameters. Aim To conduct a computer-assisted morphometric comparison of AgNORs using various NOR-related parameters in cases of OSCC and leukoplakia with dysplasia and to evaluate their diagnostic significance. Materials and methods A computer-assisted morphometric analysis was conducted using various NOR-related parameters, such as nuclear profile area, single AgNOR profile area per nucleus, total AgNOR profile area per nucleus, and number of AgNOR profiles per nucleus on a total sample of 90 specimens, which includes leukoplakia with dysplasia (30), OSCC (30), and a control group, including 30 samples of normal oral mucosa. A comparison was conducted on the morphometric values between the groups under investigation. Tukey's multiple comparison tests and ANOVA were used to analyze the data and determine the differences between the groups. Results The present investigation revealed a significant difference in all four AgNOR-related parameters between leukoplakia and OSCC in comparison to the control group (normal oral mucosa). Comparing OL (41.78 ± 0.46) and OSCC (62.78 ± 0.47) to the control group (35.93 ± 0.99), the mean value of nuclear profile area (A Nuc) was significantly greater. In comparison to the control group (3.40 ± 0.09), the mean value of a single AgNOR profile area per nucleus (A NOR) was found to be relatively lower in both research groups, OL (2.00 ± 0.02) and OSCC (1.39 ± 0.01). The total AgNOR profile area per nucleus (TA NOR) had a mean value of 10.61 ± 0.69 in OL and 12.05 ± 0.28 in OSCC, respectively, compared to 7.82 ± 0.38 in the control group. The study found that there was more number of profiles of AgNORs per nucleus (n NOR) in the study groups of OL (5.30 ± 0.29) and OSCC (8.69 ± 0.19) than in the control group (2.32 ± 0.11). Conclusion The parameters linked to the NOR are biologically informative and easy to check regularly in a pathology lab. Additionally, AgNORs give us important information that enables us to study the range of nuclear changes in malignant and potentially malignant lesions.