Physiology and transcriptome of seeds at different germination stages.

has significant industrial and medicinal value and high market demand. grows seedlings through sowing. According to previous studies, plant hormones have been shown to regulate seed germination. To understand the relationship between hormones and seed germination, we focused on examining the changes in various indicators during the germination stage of seeds. We measured the levels of physiological and hormone indicators in seeds at different germination stages and found that the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), and indole acetic acid (IAA) significantly varied as the seeds germinated. Furthermore, we confirmed that ABA, GA, and IAA are essential hormones in the germination of seeds using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics enrichment analyses of the transcriptome. The discovery of hormone-related synthesis pathways in the control group of Eucommia seeds at different germination stages further confirmed this conclusion. This study provides a basis for further research into the regulatory mechanisms of seeds at different germination stages and the relationship between other seed germination and plant hormones.