Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Background: Sodium glucose-linked transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors promote glucose, and therefore calorie, excretion in the urine. Patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors typically experience mild weight loss, but the amount of weight loss falls short of what is expected based on caloric loss. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for this weight loss discrepancy is imperative, as strategies to improve weight loss could markedly improve type 2 diabetes management and overall metabolic health.
Methods: Two mouse models of diet-induced obesity were administered the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in the food for 3 months. Urine glucose excretion, body weight, food intake and activity levels were monitored. In addition, serum hormone measurements were taken, and gene expression analyses were conducted.
Results: In both mouse models, mice receiving empagliflozin gained the same amount of body weight as their diet-matched controls despite marked glucose loss in the urine. No changes in food intake, serum ghrelin concentrations or activity levels were observed, but serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) decreased after treatment. A decrease in the levels of deiodinase 2 (Dio2) was also observed in the white adipose tissue, a primary target tissue of FGF21.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that compensatory metabolic adaptations, other than increased food intake or decreased physical activity, occur in response to SGLT2 inhibitor-induced glycosuria that combats weight loss, and that reductions in FGF21, along with subsequent reductions in peripheral Dio2, may play a role.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10933387 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/edm2.475 | DOI Listing |
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