Spatiotemporal climate variability and trends in the Upper Gelana Watershed, northeastern highlands of Ethiopia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of CHIRPS and TAMSAT satellite rainfall data over the Upper Gelana watershed, where gauged meteorological data to understand the nature of the climate are scarce. In addition, variability and trends in rainfall and temperature were examined from 1983 to 2021. To evaluate satellite rainfall, categorical and continuous validation statistics were used. Trends were analyzed using Mann-Kendall, Sen's Slope estimator, and innovative trend analysis (ITA) methods. The study also utilized time-series geostatistical analysis techniques. The validation statistics show that TAMSAT performs better on the daily timescale, while the two products have comparable performance on the monthly timescale. TAMSAT was chosen for rainfall analysis because of its higher resolution and performance. The results reveal high inter-annual spatiotemporal variability and strong irregularities in monthly rainfall. The Mann-Kendall test indicates statistically significant positive trends in and annual rainfall, but rainfall exhibits an insignificant negative trend. In the season, we found a 96.1, 101.6, and 104.8 mm decadal rate of rainfall increment in the (LWD), (UWD), and agroecological zones, respectively. In contrast, season rainfall declined by 16.4, 16.2, and 14.0 mm per decade in the LWD, UWD, and agroecology zones, respectively. The pixel-wise trend analysis also revealed trends and magnitudes of monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall that vary across the study area. In both LWD and UWD annual minimum and maximum temperatures, respectively, showed significant decreasing and increasing trends, but in agroecology the trends were insignificant. The findings of rainfall and temperature trends using the ITA method demonstrated its ability to discover some hidden trends that were not detected by the MK test.