Rainstorm and strong wind weathers largely increase greenhouse gases flux in shallow ponds.

Shallow-water ponds represent the hotspots of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Most current studies focus on the temporal dynamics for GHGs in water, with little consideration given to the effects of weather changes. In this study, we measured and compared the concentrations and fluxes of CO, CH, and NO from a pond in Northeast China under different meteorological conditions. Results showed that the rates of CO, CH, and NO emissions from pond into the atmosphere during strong winds were 85.85 ± 7.55 mmol m d, 22.05 ± 6.80 mmol m d, and 10.87 ± 0.72 μmol m d, respectively, significantly higher than those measured during non-rain weather. Among which, over 88 % of CH emissions were contributed by ebullition. Meanwhile, the CO and NO flux were also significantly higher during heavy rainfall, reaching 100.05 ± 19.76 mmol m d and 5.90 ± 1.03 μmol m d, respectively. Strong winds and precipitation induced sediment disturbances, high gas transport coefficients, reduced photosynthesis and oxygen greatly promoted the GHGs escape evasion. Wind speed, air pressure, solar radiation, and dissolved oxygen in water were important influencing factors. Our results emphasize the importance of capturing short-term weather disturbance events, especially rainstorm and strong winds, to accurately assess the annual GHG budget from these shallow water ecosystems.