A few-mode erbium-doped waveguide amplifier (FM-EDWA) with a confined Er doped ring structure is proposed to equalize the differential modal gain (DMG). The FM-EDWA amplifying three spatial modes (LP, LP and LP) is optimized by genetic algorithm and fabricated using precise lithography overlay alignment technology. We observe gain values of over 14 dB for all modes with DMG of 0.73 dB at 1529 nm pumped only with LP for the power of 200 mW. Furthermore, a flat gain of more than 10 dB is demonstrated across 1525-1565 nm, with a sufficiently low DMG of less than 1.3 dB.
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In this work, a five-mode erbium-doped waveguide amplifier with low differential modal gain (DMG) is first proposed. A novel, to the best of our knowledge, gain equalization scheme for synergistic reconfiguration of refractive index and concentration doping is adopted to equalize the modal gains based on the dual-layer ring core structure. NaYF:5%Gd,20%Yb,2%Er@NaYF nanoparticles are synthesized by annealing treatment to improve the emission spectral properties and the concentration doped in a host core material.
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