Genome editing tools based on SpCas9 and FnCpf1 have facilitated strain improvements for natural product production and novel drug discovery in . However, due to high toxicity, their editing requires high DNA transformation efficiency, which is unavailable in most streptomycetes. The transformation efficiency of an all-in-one editing tool based on miniature Cas nuclease AsCas12f1 was significantly higher than those of SpCas9 and FnCpf1 in tested streptomycetes, which is due to its small size and weak DNA cleavage activity. Using this tool, in , we achieved 100% efficiency for single gene or gene cluster deletion and 46.7 and 40% efficiency for simultaneous deletion of two genes and two gene clusters, respectively. AsCas12f1 was successfully extended to SIPI-054 for efficient genome editing, in which SpCas9/FnCpf1 does not work well. Collectively, this work offers a low-toxicity, high-efficiency genome editing tool for streptomycetes, particularly those with low DNA transformation efficiency.
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