Deep reinforcement learning enables better bias control in benchmark for virtual screening.

Virtual screening (VS) has been incorporated into the paradigm of modern drug discovery. This field is now undergoing a new wave of revolution driven by artificial intelligence and more specifically, machine learning (ML). In terms of those out-of-the-box datasets for model training or benchmarking, their data volume and applicability domain are limited. They are suffering from the biases constantly reported in the ML application. To address these issues, we present a novel benchmark named MUBD. The utilization of synthetic decoys (i.e., presumed inactives) is the main feature of MUBD, where deep reinforcement learning was leveraged for bias control during decoy generation. Then, we carried out extensive validations on this new benchmark. First, we confirmed that MUBD was superior to the classical benchmarks in control of domain bias, artificial enrichment bias and analogue bias. Moreover, we found that the assessment of ML models based on MUBD was less biased as revealed by the analysis of asymmetric validation embedding bias. In addition, MUBD showed better setting of benchmarking challenge for deep learning models compared with NRLiSt-BDB. Overall, we have proven that MUBD is the close-to-ideal benchmark for VS. The computational tool is publicly available for the easy extension of MUBD.