Allelic Variations in Vernalization () Genes in spp.

Rapid climate changes, with higher warming rates during winter and spring seasons, dramatically affect the vernalization requirements, one of the most critical processes for the induction of wheat reproductive growth, with severe consequences on flowering time, grain filling, and grain yield. Specifically, the genes play a major role in the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in wheat. Recent advances in wheat genomics have significantly improved the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of genes (, , , and ), unveiling a diverse array of natural allelic variations. In this review, we have examined the current knowledge of genes from a functional and structural point of view, considering the studies conducted on alleles at different ploidy levels (diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid). The molecular characterization of alleles has been a focal point, revealing a diverse array of allelic forms with implications for flowering time. We have highlighted the structural complexity of the different allelic forms and the problems linked to the different nomenclature of some alleles. Addressing these issues will be crucial for harmonizing research efforts and enhancing our understanding of gene function and evolution. The increasing availability of genome and transcriptome sequences, along with the improvements in bioinformatics and computational biology, offers a versatile range of possibilities for enriching genomic regions surrounding the target sites of genes, paving the way for innovative approaches to manipulate flowering time and improve wheat productivity.